Summary Draft #2
Summary (Part 1): Tunnels in the past were utilized for purposes such as irrigation, drainage, and water transportation system as well as communication routes to ameliorate the underground habitats. A Leonard (2022) article titled, “Innovation at the end of the tunnel”, informs readers about the rising need for underground infrastructure brought on population pressure and urbanization. This underground infrastructure includes functions such as sanitation, logistics, and transportation. To meet these demands, modern tunnel-boring machines were introduced to meet these needs. As mentioned in another webpage by Trenchlesspedia, (2020, para. 2), tunnel-boring machines are referred to as “mole(s)” and are designed to bore circular tunnels through all types of earth, from sandy soil to hard rocks. With an increase in usage, tunnel-boring technologies are thriving in today's construction sector. The recently completed construction of the Thomson - East Coast Line (TEL) in Singapore is an ...